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I was greatly affected by his death

  • 1 impresionar

    v.
    1 to impress.
    El anuncio impacta a los jóvenes The ad has impact on young people.
    2 to expose (photography).
    3 to make an impression.
    4 to put oneself over.
    * * *
    2 (afectar) to affect; (inquietar) to disturb
    3 (película) to expose
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (Téc) [+ disco] to cut; [+ foto] to expose
    2) [+ persona] (=causar impresión a) to impress, strike; (=conmover) to move, affect; (=horrorizar) to shock
    2.
    VI (=causar impresión) to make an impression
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)

    me impresionó muy bien — (RPl) he made a very good impression (on me)

    b) ( conmover) to move
    c) ( alarmar) to shock
    d) ( sorprender) to strike

    lo que más me impresionó fue... — what struck me most was...

    2) (Fot) < película> to expose
    2.
    impresionar vi to impress
    3.
    impresionarse v pron to be shocked (o moved etc)
    * * *
    = move, strike + Pronombre Personal, dazzle, shock, bedazzle, wow, impress, touch + Posesivo + life, make + a splash.
    Ex. Twenty years ago, I was moved by Lubetzky's document, as I was a library school student, and today I am just slightly disappointed because he has added confusion for me rather than clarity to the situation.
    Ex. 'You commented earlier,' she said ingenuously, aloud, 'that Kass didn't strike you as the union type'.
    Ex. The image of the reference librarian, as portrayed by Katherine Hepburn in the film, 'Desk Set,' suggests the superb flair and intellectual acumen with which reference librarians would like to dazzle their patrons.
    Ex. The gush of water could serve many purposes and was prescribed to soothe, to refrigerate, to stop a swelling, to widen pores, to shock the patient.
    Ex. Why were others, especially in the west, so bedazzled by the achievements of the ancient Greeks, that they decided to adopt numerous of their beliefs and values?.
    Ex. He makes science easy to understand and ' wows' the reader with terrific examples of how modern genetic research is lifting the curtain on human history.
    Ex. When children are aware that records are kept there are always some who will want to impress or please.
    Ex. Despite his faults, he still manages to change and touch many people's lives through his infectious laughter.
    Ex. Israeli wine may be young, but it's making a splash worldwide.
    ----
    * para impresionar = for effect.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)

    me impresionó muy bien — (RPl) he made a very good impression (on me)

    b) ( conmover) to move
    c) ( alarmar) to shock
    d) ( sorprender) to strike

    lo que más me impresionó fue... — what struck me most was...

    2) (Fot) < película> to expose
    2.
    impresionar vi to impress
    3.
    impresionarse v pron to be shocked (o moved etc)
    * * *
    = move, strike + Pronombre Personal, dazzle, shock, bedazzle, wow, impress, touch + Posesivo + life, make + a splash.

    Ex: Twenty years ago, I was moved by Lubetzky's document, as I was a library school student, and today I am just slightly disappointed because he has added confusion for me rather than clarity to the situation.

    Ex: 'You commented earlier,' she said ingenuously, aloud, 'that Kass didn't strike you as the union type'.
    Ex: The image of the reference librarian, as portrayed by Katherine Hepburn in the film, 'Desk Set,' suggests the superb flair and intellectual acumen with which reference librarians would like to dazzle their patrons.
    Ex: The gush of water could serve many purposes and was prescribed to soothe, to refrigerate, to stop a swelling, to widen pores, to shock the patient.
    Ex: Why were others, especially in the west, so bedazzled by the achievements of the ancient Greeks, that they decided to adopt numerous of their beliefs and values?.
    Ex: He makes science easy to understand and ' wows' the reader with terrific examples of how modern genetic research is lifting the curtain on human history.
    Ex: When children are aware that records are kept there are always some who will want to impress or please.
    Ex: Despite his faults, he still manages to change and touch many people's lives through his infectious laughter.
    Ex: Israeli wine may be young, but it's making a splash worldwide.
    * para impresionar = for effect.

    * * *
    vt
    A ‹persona›
    ver a mi padre llorar me impresionó mucho seeing my father cry really affected me o moved me o made a deep impression on me
    me impresionó mucho verla tan delgada it really shocked me to see her looking so thin
    lo que más me impresionó fue el estado lamentable del edificio what struck me most was the terrible state the building was in
    me impresionó muy bien ( RPl); he made a very good impression (on me), he really impressed me
    B
    1 ( Fot) ‹película› to expose
    2 ‹disco› to press
    ■ impresionar
    vi
    to impress
    te lo dice para impresionar he's only saying it to impress you
    to be shocked ( o moved etc)
    * * *

    impresionar ( conjugate impresionar) verbo transitivo
    1



    ◊ verlo llorar me impresionó mucho seeing him cry really affected o moved me




    2 (Fot) ‹ película› to expose
    verbo intransitivo
    to impress
    impresionar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (causar admiración) to impress
    (sobrecoger) to shock
    (conmover) me impresionó ver llorar a mi padre, seeing my father cry made a deep impression on me
    2 Fot to expose
    II verbo intransitivo to impress
    ' impresionar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    afectar
    - calar
    - sacudir
    - apantallar
    - impactar
    English:
    effect
    - flex
    - impress
    - name-dropper
    - shock
    - shake
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [asombrar] to amaze, to astonish
    2. [emocionar] to move;
    [conmocionar, horrorizar] to shock;
    me impresiona mucho ver sangre the sight of blood horrifies me;
    le impresionó mucho ver el cadáver seeing the body was a real shock to him
    3. [maravillar] to impress
    4. Fot to expose
    5. RP [causar impresión en]
    me impresionó muy bien/mal he made a very good/bad impression on me
    ♦ vi
    1. [asombrar] to be amazing o astonishing
    2. [emocionar] to be moving;
    [conmocionar, horrorizar] to be shocking
    3. [maravillar] to make an impression
    4. [fanfarronear]
    lo dice sólo para impresionar he's just saying that to show off o impress
    * * *
    v/t
    :
    impresionarle a alguien impress s.o.; ( conmover) move s.o.; ( alterar) shock s.o.
    * * *
    1) : to impress, to strike
    2) : to affect, to move
    : to make an impression
    * * *
    1. (causar admiración) to impress
    2. (inquietar) to shock

    Spanish-English dictionary > impresionar

  • 2 affecter

    affecter [afεkte]
    ➭ TABLE 1 transitive verb
       a. ( = feindre) to affect
       b. ( = destiner) to allocate (à to)
       c. ( = nommer) (à une fonction, un bureau) to appoint ; (à une région, un pays) to post (à to)
       d. ( = affliger) to affect
    * * *
    afɛkte
    1) ( feindre) to feign, to affect [sentiment, émotion]; to affect [genre, comportement]; to take on [forme]
    2) ( allouer) to allocate [matériel, lieu, argent] (à to)
    3) ( nommer) (à une activité, un poste) to appoint (à to); (dans un lieu, un pays) to post (à, en to)
    4) (toucher, affliger) to affect [pays, marché, autorité, personne]
    * * *
    afɛkte vt
    1) (= affliger) to affect

    Elle a été très affectée par sa mort. — She was deeply affected by his death.

    2) (= feindre) [indifférence] to affect, to feign
    3)

    affecter qch à [ressources, locaux, personnel] — to allocate sth to, to allot sth to

    affecter qn à — to appoint sb to, [diplomate] to post sb to

    4) (= doter)

    affecter qch de [coefficient, numéro] — to assign sth to

    * * *
    affecter verb table: aimer vtr
    1 ( feindre) to feign, to affect [pitié, gaieté, indifférence, tristesse]; to affect [genre, comportement]; to take on, to assume [forme]; affecter la surprise to feign surprise; innocence/gaieté/pondération affectée feigned innocence/cheerfulness/level-headedness; affecter de faire to pretend to do; il affecte de ne pas être ému he pretends not to be moved; malgré sa tristesse il affecte la gaieté despite his unhappiness he's putting on a show of cheerfulness; affecter de grands airs to put on airs;
    2 ( allouer) to allocate, to assign [matériel, lieu] (à to); to allocate [logement, argent] (à qn to sb; à qch to, for sth);
    3 ( nommer) (à une activité, une fonction, un poste) to appoint (à to); (dans un lieu, un pays, une région) to post (à, en to);
    4 (toucher, affliger) to affect [pays, marché, cours, autorité, personne]; être affecté d'une légère surdité/myopie to be slightly deaf/short-sighted;
    5 Math to modify; affecté de modified by.
    [afɛkte] verbe transitif
    1. [feindre] to affect, to feign
    il a affecté l'indifférence he feigned indifference, he put on a show of indifference
    2. [présenter - une forme]
    3. [assigner] to allocate, to assign
    4. [nommer - à une fonction] to appoint, to nominate ; [ - à une ville, un pays] to post
    5. [atteindre] to affect
    6. [émouvoir] to affect, to move
    très affecté par cette lettre/l'accident de ses parents greatly affected by this letter/his parents' accident

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > affecter

  • 3 toucher

    toucher [tu∫e]
    ➭ TABLE 1
    1. transitive verb
       a. (pour sentir, prendre) to touch ; (pour palper) to feel
    • « prière de ne pas toucher » "please do not touch"
    • pas touche ! (inf) hands off! (inf)
       b. ( = entrer en contact avec) to touch
       c. ( = être proche de) to adjoin ; [affaire] to concern
       d. ( = atteindre) [+ adversaire, objectif] to hit ; [+ public] to reach
    • touché ! (bataille navale) hit!
       e. ( = recevoir) [+ prime, allocation, traitement] to get ; [+ chèque] to cash ; [+ tiercé, gros lot] to win
       f. ( = émouvoir) [drame, deuil] to affect ; [scène attendrissante] to touch ; [critique, reproche] to have an effect on
       g. ( = concerner) to affect
    • toucher à to touch ; [+ réputation] to question ; ( = modifier) [+ règlement, loi, tradition] to meddle with ; [+ mécanisme] to tamper with ; ( = concerner) [+ intérêts] to affect ; [+ problème, domaine] to have to do with ; ( = aborder) [+ période, but] to approach ; [+ sujet, question] to broach
    • n'y touche pas ! don't touch!
    • « prière de ne pas toucher aux objets exposés » "please do not touch the exhibits"
    • toucher à tout [enfant] to be into everything ; [amateur curieux] to try one's hand at everything
    • s'il touche à cet enfant, gare à lui ! if he touches that child, he'd better watch out!
    • touche pas à ma bagnole ! (inf) hands off my car!
    • c'est parfait, n'y touche pas it's perfect, don't change a thing
    • l'hiver/la guerre touche à sa fin or son terme winter/the war is drawing to a close
    3. reflexive verb
       c. ( = se masturber) (inf) to play with o.s. (inf)
    4. masculine noun
    touch ; ( = impression produite) feel
    * * *

    I
    1. tuʃe

    toucher (de la main) — to touch [objet, surface, personne]

    toucher du bois — ( par superstition) to touch wood

    toucher quelque chose du doigt — lit, fig to put one's finger on something

    2) ( être en contact avec) to be touching [mur, plafond, fond]

    toucher le sol — [animal, sauteur, avion] to land

    3) ( heurter) to hit [adversaire, voiture, trottoir]

    si tu recules encore tu vas toucher le mur — if you reverse any more, you'll hit the wall

    4) ( attendrir) to touch [personne]
    5) ( affecter) [changement, crise, loi] to affect [personne, secteur, pays]; [intempérie] to hit [région]
    6) ( être contigu à) [pays, maison, usine] to be next to
    7) ( encaisser) [personne] to get, to receive [argent]; to cash [chèque]; to get [retraite]; to win [lot]
    8) ( joindre)
    9) ( atteindre)

    toucher trois millions d'auditeurs or de téléspectateurs — to have an audience of three million


    2.
    toucher à verbe transitif indirect

    toucher à — to touch [objets]

    toucher à tout — lit to be into everything; fig to be a jack of all trades

    avec son air de ne pas y toucher, c'est un malin — (colloq) he looks as if butter wouldn't melt in his mouth, but he's a sly one

    2) ( concerner)

    toucher à — to infringe on [droit, privilège]

    4) ( modifier)
    5) ( aborder)

    3.
    se toucher verbe pronominal [maisons, jardins] to be next to each other

    II tuʃe
    nom masculin
    1) ( sens)

    le toucher — touch, the sense of touch

    2) Médecine digital examination
    * * *
    tuʃe
    1. nm
    (= sens, faculté) touch

    le toucher — touch, the sense of touch

    2. vt
    1) (= entrer en contact avec, manipuler) [objet, substance] to touch
    2) (= palper) to feel

    Ce pull a l'air doux. Je peux toucher? — That sweater looks soft. Can I feel it?

    3) (= atteindre) (d'un coup de feu) to hit

    La balle l'a touché en pleine poitrine. — The bullet hit him right in the chest.

    4) (= affecter) [gentillesse, compliment] to touch, [deuil, malheur] to affect

    Leurs attentions l'ont beaucoup touché. — Their kind attentions touched him deeply.

    5) (= concerner) to affect, to concern

    Ces nouvelles réformes ne nous touchent pas. — The new reforms don't affect us.

    6) (= recevoir) [récompense, argent] to receive, to get, [salaire] to draw, to get, [chèque] to cash

    Il a touché une grosse somme d'argent. — He received a large sum of money.

    7) (= aborder) [problème, sujet] to touch on
    8) (= contacter) to reach, to contact
    3. vi
    1) (= manipuler) to touch
    2) (= modifier) to tamper with, to meddle with

    Quelqu'un a touché au dispositif de sécurité. — Someone has tampered with the safety device.

    3) (= traiter de, concerner) to deal with, to concern

    Cet article touche à des sujets d'actualité. — This article deals with topical issues.

    4) (= atteindre) [but, date] to reach
    5) (= être contigu à) [frontière, mur] to be next to

    Leur jardin touche au nôtre. — Their garden is next to ours.

    * * *
    toucher verb table: aimer
    A nm
    1 ( sens) le toucher touch, the sense of touch; reconnaître des objets au toucher to identify objects by touch; un tissu doux au toucher a fabric which is soft to the touch;
    2 Méd digital examination; toucher rectal digital examination of the rectum;
    3 Mus ( d'un pianiste) touch.
    B vtr
    1 ( poser la main sur) toucher (de la main) to touch [objet, surface, personne]; ‘prière de ne pas toucher’ ‘please do not touch’; ne touche pas, pas touche○! don't touch!; toucher le bras/l'épaule/le dos de qn to touch sb's arm/shoulder/back, to touch sb on the arm/shoulder/back; toucher du bois ( par superstition) to touch wood; je touche du bois, mais je ne suis jamais malade I never get ill, touch wood!; toucher le front de qn to feel sb's forehead; toucher qch du doigt lit, fig to put one's finger on sth;
    2 ( être en contact avec) to be touching [mur, plafond, fond]; toucher le sol [animal, sauteur, avion] to land;
    3 ( heurter) to hit [adversaire, voiture, trottoir]; si tu recules encore tu vas toucher le mur if you reverse any more, you'll hit the wall; ne pas toucher une or la balle○ not to get near the ball; ‘touché!’ ( en escrime) ‘touché!’; ( à la bataille navale) ‘hit!’; toucher qn à la tête/poitrine to hit sb in the head/chest; touché dans le dos il s'est effondré he was hit in the back and slumped down;
    4 ( attendrir) to touch [personne] ; ça me touche beaucoup I am very touched; j'ai été très touchée de ta visite or que tu viennes me voir I was very touched by your visit;
    5 ( affecter) [événement, changement, crise, loi] to affect [personne, secteur, pays]; [intempérie] to hit [région, ville]; rien ne la touche nothing affects her; la récession touche tout le monde the recession affects everybody; le chômage touche 15% de la population active unemployment affects 15 per cent of the working population; la région la plus touchée par l'ouragan the area hardest hit by the hurricane;
    6 ( être contigu à) [pays] to be next to, to border (on); [maison, usine] to be next to, to adjoin [bâtiment, parc]; leur terrain touche le nôtre their land is next to ou adjoins ours;
    7 ( encaisser) [personne] to get, to receive [argent, indemnités, dividendes]; to cash [chèque, mandat]; to get [retraite]; to win [tiercé, loterie]; il a touché une grosse somme à son départ he got a lot of money when he left; elle ne va toucher aucune indemnité she won't get ou receive any compensation; ils touchent une petite retraite they get a small pension;
    8 ( joindre) toucher qn to get hold of sb; il est difficile à toucher par téléphone he's difficult to get hold of on the phone;
    9 Presse, Radio, TV toucher trois millions d'auditeurs or de téléspectateurs to have an audience of three million; toucher sept millions de lecteurs to have a readership of seven million.
    C toucher à vtr ind
    1 ( poser la main sur) toucher à to touch [objets]; ne touchez à rien don't touch anything; il n'a pas touché à son repas he didn't touch his meal; il ne touche plus à une goutte d'alcool he doesn't touch a drop of alcohol anymore; toucher à tout lit to be into everything; fig to be a jackofall trades; il ne touche plus à un fusil he won't go near a rifle anymore; ‘touche pas à mon pote○’ ‘hands off my pal○’; avec son air de ne pas y toucher, c'est un malin○ he looks as if butter wouldn't melt in his mouth, but he's a sly one;
    2 ( concerner) toucher à to concern; la réforme touche à l'emploi des jeunes the reform concerns youth employment; tout ce qui touche à la discipline/l'individu anything that relates to ou that concerns discipline/the individual; c'est un problème qui touche à l'éthique it's a question of ethics;
    3 ( porter atteinte à) toucher à to infringe on [droit, liberté, privilège]; to detract from [dignité]; toucher aux principes fondamentaux de la démocratie to infringe on the fundamental principles of democracy;
    4 ( modifier) to change; on ne peut toucher aux coutumes tradition is sacrosanct;
    5 ( aborder) to get on to [question, problème]; vous touchez à un sujet délicat/une question fondamentale you're getting on to a delicate subject/a fundamental issue.
    D se toucher vpr
    1 ( se tâter) ( l'un l'autre) to feel each other; ( soi-même) to feel oneself; se toucher la tête/le bras/les pieds ( l'un l'autre) to feel each other's heads/arms/feet; ( soi-même) to feel one's head/arm/feet;
    2 ◑( se masturber) to play with oneself○;
    3 ( être contigu) (maisons, jardins, immeubles) to be next to each other; nos deux maisons se touchent our houses are next door to each other.
    I
    [tuʃe] nom masculin
    [palpation] touch
    2. [sensation] feel
    3. [manière de toucher] touch
    avoir un toucher délicat/vigoureux [généralement, MUSIQUE] to have a light/energetic touch
    4. MÉDECINE (digital) palpation (terme spécialisé), examination
    ————————
    au toucher locution adverbiale
    doux/rude au toucher soft/rough to the touch
    II
    [tuʃe] verbe transitif
    A.
    1. [pour caresser, saisir] to touch
    [pour examiner] to feel
    ne me touche pas! get your hands off me!, don't touch me!
    touchez avec les yeux! don't touch, just look!
    2. [entrer en contact avec] to touch
    3. (familier) [joindre - suj: personne] to contact, to reach, to get in touch with
    [suj: lettre] to reach
    4. MÉDECINE to palpate (terme spécialisé), to examine
    [rochers, fonds] to hit, to strike
    B.
    1. [se servir de - accessoire, instrument] to touch
    2. [consommer] to touch
    il n'a même pas touché son repas/la bouteille he never even touched his meal/the bottle
    3. [blesser] to hit
    touché, coulé! JEUX hit, sunk!
    4. [atteindre - suj: mesure] to concern, to affect, to apply to ; [ - suj: crise, krach boursier, famine] to affect, to hit ; [ - suj: incendie, épidémie] to spread to (inseparable)
    5. [émouvoir - suj: film, geste, gentillesse, spectacle] to move, to touch
    [affecter - suj: décès] to affect, to shake ; [ - suj: critique, propos désobligeants] to affect, to have an effect on
    6. (familier) [s'en prendre à - personne] to touch
    7. [percevoir - allocation, honoraires, pension, salaire] to receive, to get, to draw ; [ - indemnité, ration] to receive, to get ; [ - chèque] to cash (in) (separable)
    elle touche 30 000 euros par an she earns 30,000 euros a year
    toucher gros (familier) to line one's pockets, to make a packet
    C.
    1. [être contigu à] to join onto, to adjoin (soutenu), to be adjacent to (soutenu)
    2. [concerner]
    une affaire qui touche la Défense nationale a matter related to defence, a defence-related matter
    3. [être parent avec] to be related to
    ————————
    [tuʃe] verbe intransitif
    3. (très familier) [exceller]
    elle touche en informatique! she's a wizard at ou she knows a thing or two about computers!
    ça y est, au saxo, je commence à toucher! I'm beginning to get the hang of the sax now!
    touchez là! it's a deal!, (let's) shake on it!
    ————————
    toucher à verbe plus préposition
    1. [porter la main sur - objet] to touch
    si tu touches à un seul cheveu de sa tête...! if you so much as lay a finger on her...!
    [porter atteinte à] to interfere with (inseparable), to harm, to touch
    2. [modifier - appareil, documents, législation] to tamper ou to interfere with
    ton dessin est parfait, n'y touche plus your drawing is perfect, leave it as it is
    3. [utiliser - aliment, instrument] to touch ; [ - somme d'argent] to touch, to break into
    a. (sens propre) to fiddle with ou to touch everything
    a. [artisan] I'm a Jack-of-all-trades, I do a little bit of everything
    4. [être proche de - suj: pays, champ] to adjoin (soutenu), to border (upon) ; [ - suj: maison, salle] to join on (inseparable) to, to adjoin (soutenu)
    [confiner à]
    5. [concerner, se rapporter à - activité, sujet] to have to do with, to concern
    6. [aborder - sujet, question] to bring up (separable), to come onto (inseparable), to broach
    7. (soutenu) [atteindre - un point dans l'espace, dans le temps] to reach
    ————————
    se toucher verbe pronominal
    [entrer en contact] to touch, to come into contact
    [jardins, communes] to touch, to be adjacent (to each other), to adjoin each other (soutenu)
    ————————
    se toucher verbe pronominal

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > toucher

  • 4 Thomson, Sir William, Lord Kelvin

    [br]
    b. 26 June 1824 Belfast, Ireland (now Northern Ireland)
    d. 17 December 1907 Largs, Scotland
    [br]
    Irish physicist and inventor who contributed to submarine telegraphy and instrumentation.
    [br]
    After education at Glasgow University and Peterhouse, Cambridge, a period of study in France gave Thomson an interest in experimental work and instrumentation. He became Professor of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow in 1846 and retained the position for the rest of his career, establishing the first teaching laboratory in Britain.
    Among his many contributions to science and engineering was his concept, introduced in 1848, of an "absolute" zero of temperature. Following on from the work of Joule, his investigations into the nature of heat led to the first successful liquefaction of gases such as hydrogen and helium, and later to the science of low-temperature physics.
    Cable telegraphy gave an impetus to the scientific measurement of electrical quantities, and for many years Thomson was a member of the British Association Committee formed in 1861 to consider electrical standards and to develop units; these are still in use. Thomson first became Scientific Adviser to the Atlantic Telegraph Company in 1857, sailing on the Agamemnon and Great Eastern during the cable-laying expeditions. He invented a mirror galvanometer and more importantly the siphon recorder, which, used as a very sensitive telegraph receiver, provided a permanent record of signals. He also laid down the design parameters of long submarine cables and discovered that the conductivity of copper was greatly affected by its purity. A major part of the success of the Atlantic cable in 1866 was due to Thomson, who received a knighthood for his contribution.
    Other instruments he designed included a quadrant electrostatic voltmeter to measure high voltages, and his "multi-cellular" instrument for low voltages. They could be used on alternating or direct current and were free from temperature errors. His balances for precision current measurement were widely used in standardizing laboratories.
    Thomson was a prolific writer of scientific papers on subjects across the whole spectrum of physics; between 1855 and 1866 he published some 110 papers, with a total during his life of over 600. In 1892 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Kelvin of Largs. By the time of his death he was looked upon as the "father" of British physics, but despite his outstanding achievements his later years were spent resisting change and progress.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1866. Created Lord Kelvin of Largs 1892. FRS 1851. President, Royal Society 1890–4. An original member of the Order of Merit 1902. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers 1874. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1889 and 1907. Royal Society Royal Medal 1856, Copley Medal 1883.
    Bibliography
    1872, Reprints of Papers on Electrostatics and Magnetism, London; 1911, Mathematical and Physical Papers, 6 vols, Cambridge (collections of Thomson's papers).
    Further Reading
    Silvanus P.Thompson, 1910, The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs, 2 vols, London (an uncritical biography).
    D.B.Wilson, 1987, Kelvin and Stokes: A Comparative Study in Victorian Physics, Bristol (provides a present-day commentary on all aspects of Thomson's work).
    J.G.Crowther, 1962, British Scientists of the 19th Century, London, pp. 199–257 (a short critical biography).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Thomson, Sir William, Lord Kelvin

  • 5 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 6 ayuda

    f.
    1 help, assistance (asistencia).
    acudir en ayuda de alguien to come/go to somebody's assistance
    nos fuiste de gran ayuda you were a great help to us
    no me sirvió de mucha ayuda it wasn't much help to me
    prestar ayuda to help, to assist
    ayuda en carretera breakdown service
    2 aid.
    ayuda al desarrollo development aid
    ayuda humanitaria humanitarian aid
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: ayudar.
    * * *
    1 help, aid, assistance
    2 (lavativa) enema
    \
    ir en ayuda de alguien to come to somebody's assistance
    prestar ayuda to help (a, -)
    * * *
    noun f.
    help, assistance, aid
    * * *
    1. SF
    1) (=asistencia) help, assistance más frm

    ayuda a domicilio — home help, home helper (EEUU)

    ayudas a la navegación — aids to navigation, navigational aids

    ayuda compensatoria — ≈ income support, welfare (EEUU)

    2) (Med) (=enema) enema; LAm (=laxante) laxative
    2.
    SM (=paje) page
    * * *
    1) ( asistencia) help

    nadie fue or acudió en su ayuda — nobody went to his aid

    2) (fam & euf) ( enema) enema
    * * *
    = aid, assistance, guidance, help, helpfulness, support, relief, enhancer, helper, facilitator, bursary, good offices, jump-start [jumpstart], helping hand, succour [succor, -USA].
    Ex. Indexing may be conducted entirely without the aid of a computer, or may rely to varying extents upon the facilities for the manipulation and ordering of data offered by the computer.
    Ex. Most information about terms and their relationships that could be of assistance to the user of the index will be transferred from the list to the index or catalogue.
    Ex. The command function 'HELP' is used to obtain guidance online when in difficulty.
    Ex. The entry is first located with the help of searching.
    Ex. Sometimes, in the interest of comprehension or helpfulness, modifications to the standard pattern are desirable.
    Ex. BSO was prepared by the International Federation for Documentation with the support of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization), and was published in 1978/79.
    Ex. The report concluded that the problems of rural populations 'do not differ greatly from those of the urban population though the difficulties in obtaining help and relief can be exacerbated by isolation'.
    Ex. The low regard that many publishers have shown for indexers as enhancers of book sales and profitability may well have been justified in the past.
    Ex. Once again careful planning pays dividends, and plenty of time and helpers are needed.
    Ex. Information technology may have acted as a catalyst or facilitator for some of the changes which have occurred.
    Ex. This article describes a 12 week study tour of the UK undertaken with the help of a bursary from the EU by a lecturer in library studies from Papua New Guinea.
    Ex. This enables the library to use the MPEs' good offices and contacts to influence the national government on projects which are important for the area.
    Ex. No hospital creates a healthier community all by itself but it can give its neighbors a jump-start.
    Ex. Fish hawks needed a helping hand and their comeback is one of the great wildlife success stories of our time.
    Ex. The Government has vowed to provide 'all possible succour' to the people affected by the cyclone that has left a trail of death and devastation.
    ----
    * ayuda a las víctimas de una catástrofe = disaster relief.
    * ayuda al desarrollo = development aid.
    * ayuda alimentaria = food aid.
    * ayuda con la declaración de hacienda = income tax assistance.
    * ayuda de asistencia = attendance grant.
    * ayuda de asistencia a congreso = conference attendance grant.
    * ayuda de cámara = valet.
    * ayuda de emergencia = emergency relief.
    * ayuda del gobierno = state aid, state support.
    * ayuda doméstica = domestic help.
    * ayuda económica = grant, financial support, fund assistance, financial assistance, grant money, cash grant.
    * ayuda educativa = educational aid.
    * ayuda en caso de catástrofe = disaster relief.
    * ayuda en pantalla = aid page.
    * ayuda estatal = state aid, state support.
    * ayuda familiar = family income supplement, family worker.
    * ayuda financiera = financial assistance, fund assistance.
    * ayuda humanitaria = humanitarian aid, disaster relief, humanitarian assistance.
    * Ayuda Internacional de Libros (BAI) = Book Aid International (BAI).
    * ayuda legal = legal assistance.
    * ayuda memoria = aide-mémoire.
    * ayuda mutua = mutual help, mutual aid.
    * ayuda para dormir = sleeping aid.
    * ayuda para el desplazamiento = travel grant.
    * ayuda para la memoria = memory aid.
    * ayuda para recordar = memory aid.
    * ayudas = monies [money, -sing.].
    * ayuda sensible al contexto = context-sensitive help.
    * ayuda social = welfare benefits.
    * ayudas para la escritura = writing tools.
    * ayuda visual = visual aid.
    * buscar ayuda = seek + assistance, seek + help.
    * centro de ayuda al empleo = job-help centre.
    * con la ayuda de = under the guidance of.
    * con + Posesivo + ayuda = under + Posesivo + guidance.
    * conseguir ayuda = secure + help.
    * dispositivo de ayuda a usuarios con necesidades especiales = assistive device.
    * hacerlo sin la ayuda de nadie = do + it + on + Posesivo + own.
    * herramienta de ayuda a la escritura = writing aid.
    * herramienta de ayuda a la lectura = reading aid.
    * herramientas de ayuda = helper utility.
    * herramientas de ayuda para la búsqueda = searching aid.
    * instrumento de ayuda a la enseñanza = teaching aid.
    * material de ayuda = help pack.
    * mostrador de ayuda = help desk [helpdesk].
    * ofrecer ayuda = offer + guidance, offer + assistance, provide + support.
    * ojo humano sin ayuda de lente, el = unaided eye, the.
    * pantalla de ayuda = help screen.
    * pedir ayuda = seek + assistance, seek + help.
    * pedir ayuda a = enlist + the cooperation of.
    * política de ayuda = assistance policy.
    * prestar ayuda = provide + assistance, render + assistance, offer + guidance, offer + assistance, lend + a (helping) hand.
    * proyecto de ayuda = aid project.
    * proyecto de ayuda humanitaria = relief project.
    * recabar ayuda = solicit + help, solicit + support.
    * ser de ayuda = be of assistance.
    * ser de gran ayuda para = be a boon to.
    * ser una gran ayuda = be a tower of strength.
    * servicio de ayuda = help desk [helpdesk], help facility.
    * servir de ayuda = be of assistance.
    * sin ayuda = unaided, unassisted.
    * sin ayuda de nadie = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.
    * sin la ayuda de nadie = single-handedly.
    * sistema de ayuda = help system.
    * sistema de ayuda a la gestión = management support system (MSS).
    * solicitar ayuda = summon + help, seek + assistance, seek + help.
    * tecla de ayuda = help key.
    * teléfono de ayuda = help desk [helpdesk], help line, telephone help line.
    * * *
    1) ( asistencia) help

    nadie fue or acudió en su ayuda — nobody went to his aid

    2) (fam & euf) ( enema) enema
    * * *
    = aid, assistance, guidance, help, helpfulness, support, relief, enhancer, helper, facilitator, bursary, good offices, jump-start [jumpstart], helping hand, succour [succor, -USA].

    Ex: Indexing may be conducted entirely without the aid of a computer, or may rely to varying extents upon the facilities for the manipulation and ordering of data offered by the computer.

    Ex: Most information about terms and their relationships that could be of assistance to the user of the index will be transferred from the list to the index or catalogue.
    Ex: The command function 'HELP' is used to obtain guidance online when in difficulty.
    Ex: The entry is first located with the help of searching.
    Ex: Sometimes, in the interest of comprehension or helpfulness, modifications to the standard pattern are desirable.
    Ex: BSO was prepared by the International Federation for Documentation with the support of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization), and was published in 1978/79.
    Ex: The report concluded that the problems of rural populations 'do not differ greatly from those of the urban population though the difficulties in obtaining help and relief can be exacerbated by isolation'.
    Ex: The low regard that many publishers have shown for indexers as enhancers of book sales and profitability may well have been justified in the past.
    Ex: Once again careful planning pays dividends, and plenty of time and helpers are needed.
    Ex: Information technology may have acted as a catalyst or facilitator for some of the changes which have occurred.
    Ex: This article describes a 12 week study tour of the UK undertaken with the help of a bursary from the EU by a lecturer in library studies from Papua New Guinea.
    Ex: This enables the library to use the MPEs' good offices and contacts to influence the national government on projects which are important for the area.
    Ex: No hospital creates a healthier community all by itself but it can give its neighbors a jump-start.
    Ex: Fish hawks needed a helping hand and their comeback is one of the great wildlife success stories of our time.
    Ex: The Government has vowed to provide 'all possible succour' to the people affected by the cyclone that has left a trail of death and devastation.
    * ayuda a las víctimas de una catástrofe = disaster relief.
    * ayuda al desarrollo = development aid.
    * ayuda alimentaria = food aid.
    * ayuda con la declaración de hacienda = income tax assistance.
    * ayuda de asistencia = attendance grant.
    * ayuda de asistencia a congreso = conference attendance grant.
    * ayuda de cámara = valet.
    * ayuda de emergencia = emergency relief.
    * ayuda del gobierno = state aid, state support.
    * ayuda doméstica = domestic help.
    * ayuda económica = grant, financial support, fund assistance, financial assistance, grant money, cash grant.
    * ayuda educativa = educational aid.
    * ayuda en caso de catástrofe = disaster relief.
    * ayuda en pantalla = aid page.
    * ayuda estatal = state aid, state support.
    * ayuda familiar = family income supplement, family worker.
    * ayuda financiera = financial assistance, fund assistance.
    * ayuda humanitaria = humanitarian aid, disaster relief, humanitarian assistance.
    * Ayuda Internacional de Libros (BAI) = Book Aid International (BAI).
    * ayuda legal = legal assistance.
    * ayuda memoria = aide-mémoire.
    * ayuda mutua = mutual help, mutual aid.
    * ayuda para dormir = sleeping aid.
    * ayuda para el desplazamiento = travel grant.
    * ayuda para la memoria = memory aid.
    * ayuda para recordar = memory aid.
    * ayudas = monies [money, -sing.].
    * ayuda sensible al contexto = context-sensitive help.
    * ayuda social = welfare benefits.
    * ayudas para la escritura = writing tools.
    * ayuda visual = visual aid.
    * buscar ayuda = seek + assistance, seek + help.
    * centro de ayuda al empleo = job-help centre.
    * con la ayuda de = under the guidance of.
    * con + Posesivo + ayuda = under + Posesivo + guidance.
    * conseguir ayuda = secure + help.
    * dispositivo de ayuda a usuarios con necesidades especiales = assistive device.
    * hacerlo sin la ayuda de nadie = do + it + on + Posesivo + own.
    * herramienta de ayuda a la escritura = writing aid.
    * herramienta de ayuda a la lectura = reading aid.
    * herramientas de ayuda = helper utility.
    * herramientas de ayuda para la búsqueda = searching aid.
    * instrumento de ayuda a la enseñanza = teaching aid.
    * material de ayuda = help pack.
    * mostrador de ayuda = help desk [helpdesk].
    * ofrecer ayuda = offer + guidance, offer + assistance, provide + support.
    * ojo humano sin ayuda de lente, el = unaided eye, the.
    * pantalla de ayuda = help screen.
    * pedir ayuda = seek + assistance, seek + help.
    * pedir ayuda a = enlist + the cooperation of.
    * política de ayuda = assistance policy.
    * prestar ayuda = provide + assistance, render + assistance, offer + guidance, offer + assistance, lend + a (helping) hand.
    * proyecto de ayuda = aid project.
    * proyecto de ayuda humanitaria = relief project.
    * recabar ayuda = solicit + help, solicit + support.
    * ser de ayuda = be of assistance.
    * ser de gran ayuda para = be a boon to.
    * ser una gran ayuda = be a tower of strength.
    * servicio de ayuda = help desk [helpdesk], help facility.
    * servir de ayuda = be of assistance.
    * sin ayuda = unaided, unassisted.
    * sin ayuda de nadie = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.
    * sin la ayuda de nadie = single-handedly.
    * sistema de ayuda = help system.
    * sistema de ayuda a la gestión = management support system (MSS).
    * solicitar ayuda = summon + help, seek + assistance, seek + help.
    * tecla de ayuda = help key.
    * teléfono de ayuda = help desk [helpdesk], help line, telephone help line.

    * * *
    A (asistencia, auxilio) help
    le prestaron toda la ayuda necesaria they gave him all the help he needed
    nadie fue or acudió en su ayuda nobody went to help him o went to his aid
    no quiso pedir ayuda she didn't want to ask for help
    ayudas para los proyectos de inversión incentives for investment projects
    ofrecieron ayuda económica a los damnificados they offered financial help o aid o assistance to the victims
    organizaciones de ayuda internacional international aid agencies
    no tiene ninguna ayuda en casa she has no help at home
    ha sido de gran ayuda it has been a great help
    poca ayuda no es estorbo every little helps
    con ayuda de un vecino mató mi padre un cochino well, with a little help from my/your/his friends …
    Compuestos:
    ( Esp) home-help service
    ● ayuda audiovisual/visual
    audiovisual/visual aid
    masculine valet
    humanitarian aid
    masculine aide-mémoire
    regional aid
    fpl (en Esp) family benefit
    B ( fam euf) (enema) enema
    * * *

     

    Del verbo ayudar: ( conjugate ayudar)

    ayuda es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    ayuda    
    ayudar
    ayuda sustantivo femenino ( asistencia) help;

    ayudas para la inversión incentives for investment;
    ha sido de gran ayuda it has been a great help
    ayudar ( conjugate ayudar) verbo transitivo
    to help;
    ayuda al prójimo to help one's neighbor;
    ¿te ayudo? do you need any help?;
    vino a ayudame she came to help me out;
    ayúdame a poner la mesa help me (to) set the table
    verbo intransitivo
    to help;
    ¿puedo ayuda en algo? can I do anything to help?
    ayuda sustantivo femenino help, assistance, aid: un joven vino en ayuda de los accidentados, a young man came to the aid of the injured people
    ayudar verbo transitivo to help: ¿puedes ayudarme a mover la mesa?, can you help me to move the table? ➣ Ver nota en help

    ' ayuda' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abogada
    - abogado
    - acudir
    - asistencia
    - balón
    - beneficio
    - blandengue
    - colaboración
    - confiar
    - demanda
    - espaldarazo
    - estimar
    - facilidad
    - fortalecimiento
    - goteo
    - gratificación
    - nos
    - nunca
    - ofrecer
    - paliar
    - prestación
    - prioritaria
    - prioritario
    - recabar
    - retirar
    - sola
    - solo
    - urgir
    - utilidad
    - vital
    - agradecer
    - apreciar
    - auxilio
    - beca
    - becar
    - contar
    - desechar
    - desinteresado
    - despreciar
    - dispensar
    - disponer
    - espontáneo
    - evaporarse
    - favor
    - gracia
    - gritar
    - implorar
    - inapreciable
    - inestimable
    - material
    English:
    aid
    - appreciate
    - appreciative
    - ask for
    - assistance
    - backing
    - bat
    - bird
    - bootstrap
    - by
    - canvass
    - contribute
    - contribution
    - deny
    - do without
    - dramatically
    - foreign aid
    - forthcoming
    - give
    - grateful
    - greatly
    - help
    - hesitate
    - immediate
    - instrumental
    - major
    - navigate
    - own
    - quarter
    - relief
    - seek
    - service
    - single-handed
    - summon
    - support
    - supportive
    - unaided
    - valet
    - virtually
    - volunteer
    - without
    - afield
    - any
    - boon
    - deserving
    - hand
    - position
    - public
    - shape
    - single
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [asistencia] help, assistance;
    acudir en ayuda de alguien to come/go to sb's assistance;
    nos fuiste de gran ayuda you were a great help to us;
    no me sirvió de mucha ayuda it wasn't much help to me;
    prestar ayuda to help, to assist
    ayuda en carretera Br breakdown service, US emergency road service; Informát ayuda en línea on-line help; Informát ayuda en pantalla onscreen help
    2. [económica, alimenticia] aid;
    un paquete de ayudas a la pequeña empresa a package of measures to help small businesses
    ayuda al desarrollo development aid;
    ayuda exterior foreign aid;
    ayuda extranjera foreign aid;
    ayuda humanitaria humanitarian aid;
    3. [limosna]
    una ayuda, por favor could you spare me some change, please?
    4. [enema] enema
    ♦ nm
    Hist ayuda de cámara royal valet
    * * *
    I f help, assistance;
    ayuda financiera financial help o aid o
    assistance;
    con la ayuda de with the help of;
    pedir ayuda a alguien ask s.o. for help;
    venir en ayuda de come to the aid o help of
    II m aide
    * * *
    ayuda nf
    1) : help, assistance
    2)
    * * *
    1. (en general) help

    Spanish-English dictionary > ayuda

  • 7 schwer

    I Adj.
    1. gewichtsmäßig: heavy; wie schwer bist du? how much do you weigh?; es ist zwei Pfund schwer it weighs ( oder it’s) two pounds; ein drei Pfund schwerer Braten etc. a three-pound roast etc.; ein mehrere Tonnen schwerer Kran a crane weighing several tons; ich darf nichts Schweres heben I mustn’t ( oder can’t) lift anything heavy
    2. fig., Angriff, Parfüm, Schritt, Unwetter, Verluste, Wein etc.: heavy; (gewichtig) weighty; (drückend) oppressive; Speise: rich; (schwer verdaulich) heavy; Zigarre, Duft: strong; schwere Maschine (Motorrad) powerful machine; er soll nichts Schweres essen he’s not supposed to eat anything rich; schwerer Boden heavy soil, clay; schweres Gold solid gold; schweres Wasser CHEM. heavy water; schwerer Atem labo(u)red breathing; ich habe einen schweren Kopf my head’s throbbing; schwerer Schlaf deep ( oder heavy) sleep; schwere Zunge heavy tongue; schweren Herzens reluctantly; (traurig) with a heavy heart
    3. umg.: schweres Geld verdienen make big money, make a packet (Am. bundle); schweres Geld kosten cost serious money ( oder a packet, Am. a bundle); etliche Millionen schwer sein be worth a few million
    4. Verbrechen: serious, grave; (schlimm) bad; siehe auch schlimm; verstärkend, Unfall, Wunde: bad, serious; Krankheit, Fehler, Irrtum: serious; schwere Erkältung bad ( oder heavy) cold; eine schwere Gehirnerschütterung severe concussion; schwerer Schock bad ( oder severe, terrible) shock; schwere Körperverletzung grievous bodily harm, Brit. Abk. GBH; schwerer Diebstahl aggravated theft; schwerer Schlag fig. heavy ( oder hard) blow; schwerer Alkoholiker hardened alcoholic; schwerer Junge umg. hardened criminal, big-time crook
    5. NAUT., Wetter: stormy; eine schwere See a heavy sea
    6. (schwierig) hard, difficult, tough umg.; siehe auch schwierig; Musik: difficult; Buch: heavy(-going); (anstrengend) hard, tough umg.; Amt, Pflicht: onerous; schwere Aufgabe / Prüfung hard ( oder difficult) task / severe test; das Schwere daran the difficult part about it; schweres Schicksal hard lot; schwerer Tag hard (tough umg.) day; heute war ein schwerer Tag auch it was hard (tough umg.) going today; er hatte eine schwere Jugend he had a hard time when he was young; schwere Zeit(en) hard times; sie hat viel Schweres durchgemacht she went through many hard times; Begriff 1, Blei1 1, Geschütz etc.
    II Adv.
    1. bewaffnet etc.: heavily etc.; schwer beladen Laster etc.: heavily laden, with a heavy load (FLUG. etc. cargo); fig. Person, mit Sorgen etc.: weighed down ( mit with); jemandem schwer auf der Seele liegen prey on s.o.’s mind; es belastet ihn schwer it weighs heavily on his mind; zu schwer gegessen haben have eaten food that was too rich ( oder heavy)
    2. (schlimm) badly; es hat sie schwer getroffen it hit her hard, it was a hard blow for her; schwer betroffen seriously affected; etw. schwer nehmen take s.th. seriously; (zu Herzen nehmen) take s.th. to heart; nimm’s nicht so schwer don’t take it to heart; schwer stürzen / verunglücken have a bad ( oder serious) fall / accident; schwer erkältet sein have a bad ( oder heavy) cold; schwer krank seriously ill; schwer kriegsbeschädigt severely war-disabled; schwer verletzt seriously hurt ( oder injured); schwer verwundet seriously wounded; schwer betrunken very drunk, drunk out of one’s mind umg.; schwer enttäuscht really ( oder deeply) disappointed; schwer leiden suffer badly
    3. (hart) schwer arbeiten work hard; schwer verdient hard-earned; schwer geprüft sorely tried; schwer bestrafen punish severely; schwer büßen pay dearly
    4. umg. (sehr) really; schwer aufpassen watch like a hawk; schwer beleidigt deeply offended; bes. iro. mortally wounded; schwer beeindruckt very ( oder deeply) impressed; schwer stolz sein auf (+ Akk) be very proud of; das will ich schwer hoffen! I should hope so!; drohend: you’d etc. better!; ich werd mich schwer hüten! I shall do nothing of the sort!; er ist schwer in Ordnung he’s a really great guy; schwer reich sein be loaded; da hat er sich aber schwer getäuscht he’s very much mistaken there; sich schwer blamieren make an awful fool of o.s.
    5. (nicht leicht) schwer atmen have difficulty breathing; das ist schwer zu beantworten there’s no easy answer to that, that’s a good question; das ist schwer zu beurteilen it’s difficult to say ( oder judge); sich schwer entschließen können have difficulty making up one’s mind; ein schwer erziehbares Kind a difficult ( oder problem) child; schwer erziehbar sein have behavio(u)ral problems; schwer fallen be difficult (+ Dat for), not be easy (for); es fällt ihm schwer auch he finds it hard; seelisch: it’s hard on him; Mathe ist mir immer / nie schwer gefallen I always / never found math(s) difficult; es fällt ihr schwer, sich zu bedanken / entschuldigen she finds it difficult to say thank you / to apologize; auch wenn’s dir schwer fällt whether you like it or not; es fällt mir schwer, Ihnen sagen zu müssen,... it pains me to have to tell you...; sie hat es schwer she has a hard time (of it), she’s having hard times; keiner hat es so schwer wie wir nobody has such a hard time of it as we do; schwer hören be hard of hearing; auf dem Ohr hört sie schwer umg., fig. she doesn’t want to know (when you mention that); schwer löslich CHEM. of low solubility, not easily soluble; jemandem etw. schwer machen make s.th. difficult for s.o.; jemandem das Leben schwer machen give s.o. a hard time; sich (Dat) etw. schwer machen make s.th. difficult for o.s.; schwer zu sagen difficult to say; sich mit etw. schwer tun have a hard time with s.th.; auch grundsätzlich: find s.th. difficult; ich tue mich oder mir mit Fremdsprachen schwer auch I’m not very good at foreign languages; er tut sich mit seiner Schwester schwer he doesn’t get on (Am. along) with his sister; sie sind nur schwer zu überzeugen it’s not easy to convince them; ( sehr) schwer verdaulich indigestible, heavy; fig., Buch etc.: heavy(-going); schwer verkäuflich difficult to sell; attr. WIRTS. slow-selling...; schwer verständlich difficult ( oder hard) to understand; (entstellt) Nachricht etc.: garbled; schwer verständlicher Stil auch impenetrable style; schwer verträglich Essen: hard on the digestive system; Medikament: not easily tolerated; schwer zu verstehen difficult to understand, hard to grasp; er ist schwer zu verstehen akustisch: it’s difficult to hear what he’s saying; Kapee, Magen, schaffen2 II 3 etc.
    * * *
    (Aufgabe) hard (Adj.); difficult (Adj.);
    (Bedeutung) serious (Adj.);
    (Essen) rich (Adj.);
    (Gewicht) weighty (Adj.); heavy (Adj.);
    (Krankheit) severe (Adj.)
    * * *
    [ʃveːɐ]
    1. adj
    1) (lit, fig) heavy; (= massiv) Gold solid

    ein 10 kg schwérer Sack — a sack weighing 10 kgs, a sack 10 kgs in weight

    die Beine wurden mir schwér — my legs grew heavy

    er ist fünf Millionen schwér (inf) — he is worth five million

    See:
    → Herz
    2) (= stark) Fahrzeug, Maschine powerful; Artillerie, Kavallerie, Wein, Parfüm heavy; Zigarre strong; (= nährstoffreich) Boden rich

    schwéres Wasser (Phys) — heavy water

    See:
    3) (= heftig) Sturm, See, Angriff, Artilleriefeuer heavy; Winter hard, severe
    4) (= ernst) Sorge, Bedenken, Unrecht, Unfall, Verlust, Krankheit, Beleidigung serious, grave; Fehler, Enttäuschung serious, grave, big; (COMPUT ) Fehler fatal, critical; Zeit, Leben, Schicksal hard; Leiden, Belastungsprobe, Strafe, Buße severe; Musik heavy

    schwére Verluste — heavy losses

    Schweres erlebt or durchgemacht haben — to have been through (some) hard times, to have had a hard time (of it)

    das war ein schwérer Schlag für ihn — it was a hard blow for him

    See:
    → Stunde, Junge
    5) (= hart, anstrengend) Amt, Aufgabe, Dienst, Arbeit, Tag hard; Geburt, Tod difficult

    es schwér haben — to have a hard time (of it)

    See:
    → Anfang, Geburt
    6) (= schwierig) Frage, Entscheidung, Übung hard, difficult, tough
    7) (inf = enorm)

    schwéres Geld machen — to make a packet (inf)

    2. adv
    1) (= mit schwerer Last) beladen, bepackt, bewaffnet heavily

    schwér auf jdm/etw liegen/lasten — to lie/weigh heavily on sb/sth

    zu tragen haben (sich abschleppen) — to be loaded down with sth; (fig) an Schuld etc to be heavily burdened with sth

    an den 50 Sack hast du viel zu schwér zu tragen — these 50 sacks are too much for you to carry

    das Bewusstsein, ihr unrecht getan zu haben, lastet schwér auf ihm — knowing that he did her an injustice is hard for him to bear

    2) (= hart) arbeiten, schuften hard; bestrafen, tadeln, missbilligen severely

    schwér geprüft sein — to be sorely tried

    schwér verdientes Geld — hard-earned money

    es schwér haben — to have a hard time of it

    es mit jdm schwér haben — to have a hard time with sb

    3) (= ernstlich) verletzen, verwunden seriously; krank seriously, critically; beleidigen, kränken, treffen, gekränkt deeply

    schwér kriegsbeschädigt — seriously disabled (in war)

    schwér erkältet sein — to have a bad cold

    schwér stürzen — to have a bad fall

    schwér verunglücken — to have a serious accident

    4)

    (= nicht einfach) schwér zu sehen/sagen — hard or difficult to see/say

    es lässt sich schwér abschätzen/voraussagen — it's hard to estimate/to predict

    5)

    (= mit Mühe) sich schwér entschließen können — to find it hard or difficult to decide

    er lernt schwér — he's a slow learner

    schwér hören — to be hard of hearing

    schwér löslich (attr) — not easily dissoluble

    etw ist schwér löslich — sth is not easy to dissolve

    jd ist schwér erziehbar — sb has behavioural (Brit) or behavioral (US) problems

    ein schwér erziehbares Kind — a maladjusted child

    schwér verdaulich (Speisen) — indigestible; (fig auch) difficult

    etw ist schwér verdaulich — sth is hard to digest

    schwér verständlich — difficult or hard to understand, incomprehensible

    schwér verträglich sein (Speise) — to be indigestible; (Medikament) to have side effects; (Klima) to be unhealthy

    ein schwér verträgliches Medikament — medicine which has side effects

    6) (inf = sehr) really

    da musste ich schwér aufpassen — I really had to watch out

    schwér betrunken — completely drunk, rolling drunk (Brit inf)

    schwér verdienen — to earn a packet (Brit inf) or a fistful (US inf)

    sich schwér blamieren — to make a proper fool (Brit) or an ass (esp US) of oneself

    ich werde mich schwér hüten — there's no way (I will) (inf)

    schwér im Irrtum sein — to be badly or seriously mistaken

    er ist schwér in Ordnung — he's OK (inf), he's a good bloke (Brit inf) or guy (inf)

    * * *
    1) (not easy to do, learn, solve etc: Is English a hard language to learn?; He is a hard man to please.) hard
    2) (severe or very bad: He was found guilty of inflicting grievous bodily harm (= very serious injuries) on the old man.) grievous
    4) (having great weight; difficult to lift or carry: a heavy parcel.) heavy
    5) (having a particular weight: I wonder how heavy our little baby is.) heavy
    6) (of very great amount, force etc: heavy rain; a heavy blow; The ship capsized in the heavy seas; heavy taxes.) heavy
    7) (difficult to read, do, understand etc: Books on philosophy are too heavy for me.) heavy
    8) ((of food) hard to digest: rather heavy pastry.) heavy
    9) (noisy and clumsy: heavy footsteps.) heavy
    * * *
    <schwerer, schwerste>
    [ʃve:ɐ̯]
    I. adj
    1. (nicht leicht) heavy, weighty
    \schwer wie Blei as heavy as lead
    20 kg \schwer sein to weigh 20 kg
    ein fünf Kilo \schwerer Fisch a fish weighing five kilos, a five kilo fish
    ein \schweres Amt a difficult [or hard] task
    \schwere Arbeit hard work
    eine \schwere Bürde a heavy burden
    eine \schwere Geburt/Operation a difficult [or complicated] birth/operation
    4. (gravierend) serious, grave
    \schwere Bedenken strong reservations
    ein \schwerer Fehler [o Irrtum] a serious [or bad] mistake
    \schwere Körperverletzung JUR grievous bodily harm
    ein \schwerer Mangel an acute shortage
    \schwere Mängel aufweisen to be badly defective
    \schwerer Schaden extensive [or serious] [or severe] damage
    ein \schweres Unrecht a blatant [or rank] injustice
    \schwere Verluste erleiden to suffer severe losses
    5. (schlimm) bad; Schock, Unfall, Verletzung a. severe, serious
    eine \schwere Enttäuschung a deep [or great] disappointment
    ein \schweres Leiden a terrible affliction [or illness]
    ein \schwerer Tod a painful death
    \schwere Verwüstung[en] anrichten to cause utter [or complete] devastation
    6. (hart) hard, tough fam
    S\schweres mitmachen [o durchmachen] to live through hard [or difficult] times
    ein \schweres Schicksal a hard lot
    eine \schwere Strafe a harsh [or severe] punishment
    eine \schwere Zeit a hard [or difficult] time
    7. (schwierig) hard, difficult
    die Rechenaufgaben sind heute besonders \schwer today's sums are particularly tricky
    [eine] \schwere Lektüre/Musik heavy reading/music
    9. (heftig) heavy; Gewitter, Sturm a. violent, severe
    \schwere Kämpfe heavy fighting
    eine \schwere See a heavy [or rough] [or stormy] sea
    eine \schwere Welle a high [or tall] wave
    11. (derb, grobschlächtig) Pferd, Schuhe heavy
    12. AUTO (groß) big, large
    ein \schwerer Lkw (mit starkem Motor) a heavy truck
    14. (gehaltvoll) Essen rich, heavy; Likör, Wein, Zigarre strong
    15. (intensiv) strong
    ein \schwerer Duft/ein \schweres Parfüm a pungent scent/perfume
    16. AGR
    \schwerer Boden (lehmig) heavy [or hard] soil; (nährstoffreich) rich soil
    17. (fam: reich)
    1 Million \schwer sein to be worth 1 million
    18. (fam: viel)
    \schweres Geld kosten to cost a packet fam
    \schweres Geld verdienen to make big money fam
    19. (massiv) solid
    aus \schwerem Gold [made of] solid gold
    ein \schwerer Stoff a heavy cloth
    \schwere Luft oppressively humid air
    jdm ist \schwer ums Herz sb is heavy-hearted
    22. (müde) heavy
    die Beine wurden ihm \schwer his legs grew heavy
    \schwerer Schlaf deep [or heavy] sleep; s.a. Geschütz, Schlag, Wasser
    II. adv
    1. (hart) hard
    \schwer arbeiten to work hard
    jdn \schwer bestrafen to punish sb severely
    etw \schwer büßen müssen to pay a heavy price [or penalty] for sth
    sich dat etw \schwer erkämpfen müssen to have to fight hard for sth
    es \schwer haben to have it hard [or a hard time [of it]]
    es \schwer mit jdm haben to have a hard time [of it] with sb
    \schwer bepackt [o beladen] sein to be heavily laden
    \schwer auf jdm lasten (fig) to weigh heavily on sb
    \schwer zu tragen haben to have a lot [or a heavy load] to carry
    \schwer [an etw dat] zu tragen haben (fig) to have a heavy cross to bear [as a result of sth]
    3. (mit Mühe) with [great] difficulty
    \schwer abbaubare Materialien materials which do not decompose [or degrade] very easily
    \schwer atmen to have difficulty breathing
    \schwer erarbeitet hard-earned
    ein \schwer erziehbares Kind a problem child
    \schwer hören to be hard of hearing
    \schwer löslich not easily dissoluble
    \schwer verdaulich [o verträglich] difficult [or hard] to digest; (fig: schwierig, düster) heavy-going attr, heavy going pred
    \schwer vermittelbar difficult to place [in employment]
    4. (fam: sehr) really
    das will ich \schwer hoffen! I sincerely hope so
    er ist \schwer in Ordnung he really is a cool guy fam
    \schwer beleidigt sein to be deeply offended
    \schwer betrunken dead drunk
    sich akk \schwer hüten [o in Acht nehmen] to take great care
    jdn \schwer zur Kasse bitten to hit sb hard in the [back] pocket fam
    etw \schwer missbilligen to strongly disapprove of [or object to] sth
    jdm \schwer zu schaffen machen to give sb a hard time
    jdn \schwer schröpfen to fleece sb big time sl
    \schwer verdienen to earn a packet fam; s.a. Ordnung
    5. (ernstlich) seriously, badly
    \schwer behindert [o beschädigt] severely handicapped [or disabled]
    sich akk \schwer erkälten to catch a bad [or heavy] cold
    \schwer erkrankt sein to be seriously [or gravely] ill
    \schwer gestürzt sein to have had a bad fall
    \schwer verletzt seriously [or badly] [or severely] injured
    \schwer verunglückt sein to have had a bad [or serious] accident
    \schwer wiegend serious
    \schwer wiegende Bedenken strong [or serious] reservations
    eine \schwer wiegende Entscheidung a momentous decision
    ein \schwer wiegender Grund a sound [or convincing] [or compelling] reason
    6. (schwierig) difficult
    etw ist \schwer zu beantworten there is no easy answer to sth
    \schwer zu begreifen difficult to
    sich dat/jdm etw \schwer machen to make sth difficult for oneself/sb
    jdm das Leben \schwer machen to make life difficult for sb
    \schwer zu sagen hard to say
    \schwer verständlich (geistig) scarcely comprehensible; (akustisch) hard [or difficult] to understand pred
    jdm das Herz \schwer machen to make sb's heart heavy [or sad
    \schwer bewaffnet sein to be heavily armed
    * * *
    1.
    1) heavy; heavy[-weight] < fabric>; (massiv) solid < gold>
    2) (anstrengend, mühevoll) heavy < work>; hard, tough < job>; hard < day>; difficult < birth>

    es schwer/nicht schwer haben — have it hard/easy

    jemandem/sich etwas schwer machen — make something difficult for somebody/oneself

    sich (Akk. od. Dat.) mit od. bei etwas schwer tun — have trouble with something

    sich (Akk. od. Dat.) mit jemandem schwer tun — not get along with somebody

    3) (schlimm) severe <shock, disappointment, strain, storm>; serious, grave <wrong, injustice, error, illness, blow, reservation>; serious <accident, injury>; heavy <punishment, strain, loss, blow>; grave < suspicion>

    ein schwerer Junge — (ugs.) a crook with a record (coll.)

    2.
    1) heavily <built, laden, armed>

    schwer tragen — be carrying something heavy [with difficulty]

    schwer auf jemandem/etwas liegen od. lasten — (auch fig.) weigh heavily on somebody/something

    2) (anstrengend, mühevoll) < work> hard; < breathe> heavily

    schwer erkauft — dearly bought; bought at great cost postpos.

    3) (sehr) seriously <injured, wounded, ill>; greatly, deeply < disappointed>; < punish> severely, heavily severely <disabled, handicapped>; badly < damaged>

    schwer aufpassen — (ugs.) take great care

    schwer im Irrtum sein — (ugs.) be very much mistaken

    das will ich schwer hoffen — (ugs.) I should jolly well think so (Brit. coll.)

    er ist schwer in Ordnung — (ugs.) he's a good bloke (Brit. coll.) or (coll.) guy

    * * *
    A. adj
    1. gewichtsmäßig: heavy;
    wie schwer bist du? how much do you weigh?;
    es ist zwei Pfund schwer it weighs ( oder it’s) two pounds;
    ein drei Pfund schwerer Braten etc a three-pound roast etc;
    ein mehrere Tonnen schwerer Kran a crane weighing several tons;
    ich darf nichts Schweres heben I mustn’t ( oder can’t) lift anything heavy
    2. fig, Angriff, Parfüm, Schritt, Unwetter, Verluste, Wein etc: heavy; (gewichtig) weighty; (drückend) oppressive; Speise: rich; (schwer verdaulich) heavy; Zigarre, Duft: strong;
    schwere Maschine (Motorrad) powerful machine;
    er soll nichts Schweres essen he’s not supposed to eat anything rich;
    schwerer Boden heavy soil, clay;
    schweres Gold solid gold;
    schweres Wasser CHEM heavy water;
    schwerer Atem labo(u)red breathing;
    ich habe einen schweren Kopf my head’s throbbing;
    schwerer Schlaf deep ( oder heavy) sleep;
    schwere Zunge heavy tongue;
    schweren Herzens reluctantly; (traurig) with a heavy heart
    3. umg:
    schweres Geld verdienen make big money, make a packet (US bundle);
    schweres Geld kosten cost serious money ( oder a packet, US a bundle);
    etliche Millionen schwer sein be worth a few million
    4. Verbrechen: serious, grave; (schlimm) bad; → auch schlimm; verstärkend, Unfall, Wunde: bad, serious; Krankheit, Fehler, Irrtum: serious; IT Fehler: fatal, critical;
    schwere Erkältung bad ( oder heavy) cold;
    schwerer Schock bad ( oder severe, terrible) shock;
    schwere Körperverletzung grievous bodily harm, Br abk GBH;
    schwerer Diebstahl aggravated theft;
    schwerer Schlag fig heavy ( oder hard) blow;
    schwerer Alkoholiker hardened alcoholic;
    schwerer Junge umg hardened criminal, big-time crook
    5. SCHIFF, Wetter: stormy;
    eine schwere See a heavy sea
    6. (schwierig) hard, difficult, tough umg; → auch schwierig; Musik: difficult; Buch: heavy(-going); (anstrengend) hard, tough umg; Amt, Pflicht: onerous;
    schwere Aufgabe/Prüfung hard ( oder difficult) task/severe test;
    das Schwere daran the difficult part about it;
    schwerer Tag hard (tough umg) day;
    heute war ein schwerer Tag auch it was hard (tough umg) going today;
    er hatte eine schwere Jugend he had a hard time when he was young;
    schwere Zeit(en) hard times;
    sie hat viel Schweres durchgemacht she went through many hard times; → Begriff 1, Blei1 1, Geschütz etc
    B. adv
    1. bewaffnet etc: heavily etc;
    schwer beladen Laster etc: heavily laden, with a heavy load (FLUG etc cargo); fig Person, mit Sorgen etc: weighed down (
    mit with);
    es belastet ihn schwer it weighs heavily on his mind;
    zu schwer gegessen haben have eaten food that was too rich ( oder heavy)
    2. (schlimm) badly;
    es hat sie schwer getroffen it hit her hard, it was a hard blow for her;
    schwer betroffen seriously affected;
    schwer stürzen/verunglücken have a bad ( oder serious) fall/accident;
    schwer erkältet sein have a bad ( oder heavy) cold;
    schwer krank seriously ill;
    schwer verletzt seriously hurt ( oder injured);
    schwer verwundet seriously wounded;
    schwer betrunken very drunk, drunk out of one’s mind umg;
    schwer enttäuscht really ( oder deeply) disappointed;
    schwer leiden suffer badly
    3. (hart)
    schwer arbeiten work hard;
    schwer verdient hard-earned;
    schwer geprüft sorely tried;
    schwer bestrafen punish severely;
    schwer büßen pay dearly
    4. umg (sehr) really;
    schwer aufpassen watch like a hawk;
    schwer beleidigt deeply offended; besonders iron mortally wounded;
    schwer beeindruckt very ( oder deeply) impressed;
    schwer stolz sein auf (+akk) be very proud of;
    das will ich schwer hoffen! I should hope so!; drohend: you’d etc better!;
    ich werd mich schwer hüten! I shall do nothing of the sort!;
    er ist schwer in Ordnung he’s a really great guy;
    da hat er sich aber schwer getäuscht he’s very much mistaken there;
    sich schwer blamieren make an awful fool of o.s.
    schwer atmen have difficulty breathing;
    das ist schwer zu beantworten there’s no easy answer to that, that’s a good question;
    das ist schwer zu beurteilen it’s difficult to say ( oder judge);
    sich schwer entschließen können have difficulty making up one’s mind;
    ein schwer erziehbares Kind a difficult ( oder problem) child;
    schwer erziehbar sein have behavio(u)ral problems;
    sie hat es schwer she has a hard time (of it), she’s having hard times;
    keiner hat es so schwer wie wir nobody has such a hard time of it as we do;
    schwer hören be hard of hearing;
    auf dem Ohr hört sie schwer umg, fig she doesn’t want to know (when you mention that);
    schwer löslich CHEM of low solubility, not easily soluble;
    jemandem etwas schwer machen make sth difficult for sb;
    jemandem das Leben schwer machen give sb a hard time;
    sich (dat)
    etwas schwer machen make sth difficult for o.s.;
    schwer zu sagen difficult to say;
    sie sind nur schwer zu überzeugen it’s not easy to convince them;
    (sehr) schwer verdaulich indigestible, heavy; fig, Buch etc: heavy(-going);
    schwer verkäuflich difficult to sell; attr WIRTSCH slow-selling …;
    schwer verständlich difficult ( oder hard) to understand; (entstellt) Nachricht etc: garbled;
    schwer verständlicher Stil auch impenetrable style;
    schwer verträglich Essen: hard on the digestive system; Medikament: not easily tolerated;
    schwer zu verstehen difficult to understand, hard to grasp;
    er ist schwer zu verstehen akustisch: it’s difficult to hear what he’s saying; → Kapee, Magen, schaffen2 B 3 etc
    …schwer im adj
    1. im wörtl Sinn:
    kiloschwer weighing a kilogram ( oder several kilos);
    tonnenschwer weighing tons
    2. fig:
    kalorienschwer with a high calorie content, high-calorie …;
    cholesterinschwer with a high cholesterol content;
    milliardenschwer worth a billion ( oder billions), billionaire …
    * * *
    1.
    1) heavy; heavy[-weight] < fabric>; (massiv) solid < gold>
    2) (anstrengend, mühevoll) heavy < work>; hard, tough < job>; hard < day>; difficult < birth>

    es schwer/nicht schwer haben — have it hard/easy

    jemandem/sich etwas schwer machen — make something difficult for somebody/oneself

    sich (Akk. od. Dat.) mit od. bei etwas schwer tun — have trouble with something

    sich (Akk. od. Dat.) mit jemandem schwer tun — not get along with somebody

    3) (schlimm) severe <shock, disappointment, strain, storm>; serious, grave <wrong, injustice, error, illness, blow, reservation>; serious <accident, injury>; heavy <punishment, strain, loss, blow>; grave < suspicion>

    ein schwerer Junge — (ugs.) a crook with a record (coll.)

    2.
    1) heavily <built, laden, armed>

    schwer tragen — be carrying something heavy [with difficulty]

    schwer auf jemandem/etwas liegen od. lasten — (auch fig.) weigh heavily on somebody/something

    2) (anstrengend, mühevoll) < work> hard; < breathe> heavily

    schwer erkauft — dearly bought; bought at great cost postpos.

    3) (sehr) seriously <injured, wounded, ill>; greatly, deeply < disappointed>; < punish> severely, heavily severely <disabled, handicapped>; badly < damaged>

    schwer aufpassen — (ugs.) take great care

    schwer im Irrtum sein — (ugs.) be very much mistaken

    das will ich schwer hoffen — (ugs.) I should jolly well think so (Brit. coll.)

    er ist schwer in Ordnung — (ugs.) he's a good bloke (Brit. coll.) or (coll.) guy

    * * *
    (Speisen) adj.
    rich adj. adj.
    big adj.
    difficult adj.
    grave adj.
    hard adj.
    heavy adj.
    weighty adj.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > schwer

  • 8 socorro

    intj.
    help.
    m.
    1 help, aid.
    2 Socorro.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: socorrer.
    * * *
    1 (ayuda) help, aid, assistance
    2 (provisiones) supplies plural, provisions plural
    1 help!
    \
    acudir en socorro de alguien to go to somebody's aid
    señal de socorro distress signal
    * * *
    noun m.
    aid, help
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=ayuda) help, aid, assistance; (=alivio) relief

    ¡socorro! — help!

    2) Cono Sur (=pago adelantado) advance payment, sub *
    * * *
    masculino help
    * * *
    = relief, succour [succor, -USA], help, aid.
    Ex. The report concluded that the problems of rural populations 'do not differ greatly from those of the urban population though the difficulties in obtaining help and relief can be exacerbated by isolation'.
    Ex. The Government has vowed to provide 'all possible succour' to the people affected by the cyclone that has left a trail of death and devastation.
    Ex. The entry is first located with the help of searching.
    Ex. Indexing may be conducted entirely without the aid of a computer, or may rely to varying extents upon the facilities for the manipulation and ordering of data offered by the computer.
    ----
    * llamada de socorro = distress call.
    * sociedad de socorros mutuos = friendly society, provident society, mutual benefit society.
    * * *
    masculino help
    * * *
    = relief, succour [succor, -USA], help, aid.

    Ex: The report concluded that the problems of rural populations 'do not differ greatly from those of the urban population though the difficulties in obtaining help and relief can be exacerbated by isolation'.

    Ex: The Government has vowed to provide 'all possible succour' to the people affected by the cyclone that has left a trail of death and devastation.
    Ex: The entry is first located with the help of searching.
    Ex: Indexing may be conducted entirely without the aid of a computer, or may rely to varying extents upon the facilities for the manipulation and ordering of data offered by the computer.
    * llamada de socorro = distress call.
    * sociedad de socorros mutuos = friendly society, provident society, mutual benefit society.

    * * *
    help
    pedir socorro to ask for help
    ¡socorro! help!
    nadie acudió en su socorro nobody went to help her, nobody went to her aid
    un grito de socorro a cry for help
    * * *

    Del verbo socorrer: ( conjugate socorrer)

    socorro es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    socorrer    
    socorro
    socorrer ( conjugate socorrer) verbo transitivo
    to help, come to the aid of
    socorro sustantivo masculino
    help;

    ¡socorro! help!;
    un grito de socorro a cry for help
    socorrer verbo transitivo to help, aid: se estaba muriendo pero nadie le socorrió, he was dying, but no one came to his aid
    socorro sustantivo masculino
    1 help, aid
    pedir socorro, to ask for help
    casa de socorro, first-aid post
    equipo de socorro, first-aid team
    2 (medicinas, víveres) aid

    ' socorro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    asistencia
    - casa
    - grito
    - puesto
    - señal
    English:
    cry out for
    - distress signal
    - help
    - lifeboat
    - Mayday
    - relief
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    help, assistance;
    una llamada de socorro a call for help, an SOS;
    Av & Náut a distress call;
    acudieron en socorro del barco they came to the ship's aid o assistance;
    prestar socorro a alguien to offer sb help o assistance
    ♦ interj
    help!
    * * *
    m help, assistance;
    ¡socorro! help!;
    pedir socorro ask for help
    * * *
    socorro nm auxilio
    1) : aid, help
    equipo de socorro: rescue team
    2)
    ¡socorro! : help!
    * * *
    socorro n help
    ¡socorro! help!

    Spanish-English dictionary > socorro

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